DV Biologics cell and tissue lysates are prepared from liquid nitrogen fresh frozen samples. Cell and tissue specimens are homogenized in ice-cold modified RIPA buffer in the presence of protease inhibitors (without EDTA). After lysis, the samples are centrifuged to remove tissue and cell debris. The protein concentration is determined using bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay and BSA as a standard. DV Biologics cell and tissues lysates can be used in SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, ELISA, enzymatic activity analysis, protein-protein interaction and other studies encompassing functional genomics, and comparative analysis of proteins in human models. Robertsonian translocation (RTL) is a common form of chromosomal rearrangement that in humans that occurs in the five acrocentric chromosome pairs. People with RTL have only 45 chromosomes in their cells with all essential genetic material present. They appear normal, however their children may be either normal and carry the fusion chromosome, or they may inherit a missing or extra long arm of an acrocentric chromosome causing disorders such as Down syndrome.